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''Iskra'' ((アラビア語:الشرارة), ''ash-Sharara'') was a communist organization in Egypt. ''Iskra'' was founded in 1942 by Hillel Schwartz.〔Beinin, Joel. ''Was the Red Flag Flying There?: Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948-1965''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. p. 57-58〕 In the initial phase of its existence, the membership of ''Iskra'' was a few tens.〔Ginat, Rami. ''(The Egyptian Left and the Roots of Neutralism in the Pre-Nasserite Era )'', published in ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'', Vol. 30, No. 1, (May, 2003), pp. 5-24〕 The followers of ''Iskra'' were, like the supporters of other Egyptian communist factions, active inside the Wafdist Vanguard (see Wafd).〔 ''Iskra'' emphazised studies of Marxist theory and its application in Egyptian society.〔Gorman, Anthony. ''(Historians, State, and Politics in Twentieth Century Egypt: Contesting the Nation )''. London: Routledge, 2003. p. 90〕 The approach of ''Iskra'' was that the first task of the communists was to build a base amongst revolutionary intellectuals, and that mass mobilisation would follow at a later stage.〔 In 1944 ''Iskra'' established a study centre, ''Dar al-abahth al-'ilmiya'' (دار الأبحاث العلمية, House of Scientific Research). The centre published literature and gave classes on communist thought.〔 In 1945 ''Iskra'' was one of the forces behind the foundation of the National People's University, an institution that provided courses in politics and social sciences for labour activists.〔 In February 1946, ''Iskra'' was one of the groups that organised the National Committee of Workers and Students, a mass movement for national independence and social reforms. The National Committee lasted until July the same year.〔 In 1947 began publishing the newspaper ''al-Jamahir'' (الجماهير, 'The Masses').〔Gorman, Anthony. ''(Historians, State, and Politics in Twentieth Century Egypt: Contesting the Nation )''. London: Routledge, 2003. p. 91〕 Shudi Atiya ash-Shafi was the director of the House of Scientific Research and later the editor of ''al-Jamahir''.〔Gorman, Anthony. ''(Historians, State, and Politics in Twentieth Century Egypt: Contesting the Nation )''. London: Routledge, 2003. p. 93〕 Ash-Shafi had been the first Egyptian Muslim to become part of the ''Iskra'' leadership.〔 In 1947 ''Iskra'' merged with the Egyptian Movement for National Liberation (HAMITU) to form the Democratic Movement for National Liberation.〔Gorman, Anthony. ''(Historians, State, and Politics in Twentieth Century Egypt: Contesting the Nation )''. London: Routledge, 2003. p. 222〕 ==Social profile== In comparison to other contemporary communist organisations in Egypt, the membership of ''Iskra'' largely consisted of intellectuals. Like all communist groups, the cadres were mainly urban and based in the Cairo area. A large number of the ''Iskra'' cadres were Europeanised Jews or belonging to other European minorities. Many of the ''Iskra'' activists belonged to the upper strata of Cairo society, and were often recruited from the Lycée Français du Caire. The recruitment was often done through arranging parties and social events. In 1945, ''Iskra'' had a membership of about 900. 40% of them were foreigners.〔Beinin, Joel. ''Was the Red Flag Flying There?: Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948-1965''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. p. 104-105〕〔Krämer, Gudrun. ''(The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914-1952 )''. London: I.B. Tauris, 1989. p. 178〕 Notably the Jewish members of the ''Iskra'' leadership took a more militant anti-Zionist approach than the non-Jewish cadres. Around 1946/early 1947 they formed the Jewish Anti-Zionist League.〔 It was in ''Iskra'' that the first female communists were organized in Egypt. Some of the first women cadres were Latifa az-Zayyat, Soraya Adham, Fatma Zaki, Inge Aflatun, Aimée Setton and Odette Hazan Solomon.〔Beinin, Joel. ''Was the Red Flag Flying There?: Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948-1965''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. p. 104, 272〕 The ''Iskra'' group soon got the reputation of being a haven for sexual libertinism. In fact the anti-communist discourse in Egypt at the time, which was centered around claims that the communist movement was morally depraved and dominated by Jews, was largely based on the reputation of the ''Iskra'' group. Other communist factions became harshly critical of ''Iskra'', especially the role of women in the organisation. Henri Curiel, leader of HAMITU, criticized ''Iskra'' for organizing parties as a tool for political recruitment.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iskra (Egyptian communist organisation)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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